Activity 4 searching the internet

1. what are the advantage and disadvantage  of using search engines?

   Advantage -

        A.The majority of the work behind search engine optimization (SEO) is a one-off activity, and so is usually charged out at a set upfront fee.

        B.The changes made to your website will probably still be relevant and driving traffic to your site a year from now.

       C.Credibility: most people (research indicates between 60 and 80 percent) will click on the organic results rather than the sponsored (paid) results.

       D.If you rank well in one of the major search engines (Google/Yahoo/MSN), you will most likely show up in the majority of the search engines worldwide.

  Disadvantage-

     A.Changes must be made to your website's code. Normally the changes are invisible to visitors. However, if you have invested heavily in a search engine-unfriendly site, the process can be time-consuming and costly; and occasionally significant changes may need to be made to your site's copy, navigation or design. Of course ultimately, you'll see returns if you commit to the necessary changes.

    B.Results (rankings and traffic) start slowly. You will normally see results within 3-4 months.

    C.There can be no guarantee. As the search engines themselves have the final say, you can't predict how many rankings you'll get for a particular search term or engine; nor can you predict how much traffic you'll get to your site.

2.compare and contrast individual search engines and search meta search engines?

 >>>Finding information on the Internet can be intimidating. The use of search engines can help users of the World Wide Web find subjects easily. We tend to call most search sites "search engines," not all of them are search engines, per SE. The differences between search engines and search directories lies in the way they find and categorize sites. We can compare and contrast major search sites and sample some popular meta searches.

Search engines, such as Alta Vista, Excite, Info seek and Lycos rely on "spiders" or "bots" to troll the web, collecting information on new and updated sites. This information is put into a searchable database we enter when a search query is entered.

Search directories are created manually by people. Each site in a search directory had been screen and categorized by a person. Search engines yield a large quantity of results while search directories yield more quality results.

Using Boolean terms, "and" and "or" can help you hone in on a particular subject. Using quotation marks will enable you to search for a specific phrase.

3.when is it appropriate to use a search engine? when is it appropriate to use a search/subject directory?

>>>Built initially for military usage the cyberspace has grown leaps and bounds, connecting individuals from all corners of the earth during the past few decades. With easy access to information, and the ability to stay in touch with their loved ones, millions of users are addicted to this creation of technology. All these individuals using the internet make it a fertile ground for businessmen who would make profit out of it. One of the better ways to do marketing online is through search engines, where almost every web user eventually stops to get something they require on the internet.

        Let us consider each of these in turn, but first some words about the strengths of subject directories. They are organized and they are selective. When you are not sure of the exact term to search for, browsing a subject directory's subject categories will help you find those keywords. This is actually quite useful for preparing certain search engine searches. Browsing for keywords will also provide a context for your search. Remember: subject directories are usually smaller than search engines, have much more focused and higher quality links, but are poor for exhaustive searching.

4.what is an invisible web or deep web? 

The "visible web" is what you can find using general web search engines. It's also what you see in almost all subject directories. The "invisible web" is what you cannot find using these types of tools.

The first version of this web page was written in 2000, when this topic was new and baffling to many web searchers. Since then, search engines' crawlers and indexing programs have overcome many of the technical barriers that made it impossible for them to find "invisible" web pages.
These types of pages used to be invisible but can now be found in most search engine results:

• Pages in non-HTML formats (pdf, Word, Excel, PowerPoint), now converted into HTML.
• Script-based pages, whose URLs contain a ? or other script coding.
• Pages generated dynamically by other types of database software (e.g., Active Server Pages, Cold Fusion). These can be indexed if there is a stable URL somewhere that search engine crawlers can find.

 5.how do you find an invisible web?

 >>>Is it some kind of Area 52-ish, X-Files deal that only those with stamped numbers on their foreheads can access? Well, not exactly. The term "invisible web" mainly refers to the vast repository of information that search engines and directories don't have direct access to, like databases. Unlike pages on the visible Web (that is, the Web that you can access from search engines and directories), information in databases is generally inaccessible to the software spiders and crawlers that create search engine indexes.

   

There are parts of the Internet that search engines simply can't see. The search engine's  robotic "crawlers" either miss or are locked out of these areas on the Internet.  Behind the barriers lie treasure troves of quality information. Collectively this information is called the Invisible Web.  There are many categories of invisible information missed by the popular search engines.  The most common are:

• webpages that have been intentionally skipped by search engine crawlers
• webpages that are dynamically assembled from online database content
• password protected webpages
• non-HTML resources like image, audio, animation, and PDF files 

 6.Why are these web pages not available on search engines and subject directories?

>>>What is a search engine, anyway? It's a type of website that asks the user to enter words related to the information being sought. The search engine then compares those words with the documents stored in its database of webpages and returns a list of the webpages that match.

Think of a search engine as a trip to a sandwich shop. Instead of looking for a specific webpage, you're looking for lunch. You belly up to the counter and say, simply, "turkey rye bread mustard." Almost immediately, you are swamped with thousands of different types of sandwiches that can be made using those ingredients. It's that easy with a search engine. Just type in the words or phrase you are looking for, and watch the results roll in. But hey — tell 'em to go easy on the mustard.

Using a search engine can be like a visit to a sandwich shop. Simply type in your "ingredients," sit back, and watch the results roll in.

There are a lot of search engines out there, and they all work in different ways. Some search engines — like Yahoo! — require that webmasters register their sites, with the search engine's database in order for them to be returned as search results. Others rely on technologies that take into account various statistics, such as how many people link to a page.

If you pick any two search engines and enter the same term — "skateboarding," for example — then you can be sure they will turn up different results. While many of the same sites will be listed by different search engines, many will not. And remember, the first skateboarding site on the list isn't necessarily the best skateboarding site — or the worst, for that matter. Expect to do a little comparison and some exploration of the results you receive.

You also need to consider the words you use to search. A search for just the word "skateboarding" will yield a ton of results that may or may not lead you to the information you crave. Be sure to tell the search engine exactly what you want through your choice of keywords. If you want to learn more about the history of skateboarding, try searching for "history of skateboarding." If you're looking for a place to skateboard in Washington, DC, search for "skateboarding Washington, DC." 

http://www.beyondbooks.com/web91/1c.asp

http://web.fccj.org/~jjohnson/ls4lesson5.htm

 

activity2 the internet

1. the internet today is more advance than the past. now the internet is more useful because it helps to to our life more easier by making our work,research, and study more easier to do.

The Internet creates new ways for citizens to communicate, congregate, and share information of a social nature. It is obvious that the Internet has and will continue to change the way we live. How it is changed, and how it will continue to change our lives, is the reason for so many conferences on the topic. the impact of the internet in our world today is that the internet is more useful than books because in just one click of what do you want to search it comes up immediately just like magic, not like books we need to look for the book that contains the answer . everyone is influencing the internet because we can communicate with our relatives,love ones,friends and others just the use of internet. for the people in this time they will not live without the internet because most of the people of the world is using internet in their lives. even kids in this generation have more knowledge about internet than older to them. and that's an impact of internet in our world today.

2.give a brief description of the following Internet organizations

    A. ISOC - An international membership organization dedicated to extending and enhancing the Internet, founded in 1992. It supports Internet bodies such as the IETF and works with governments, organizations and the general public to promote Internet research, information, education and standards. It also helps developing nations design their Internet infrastructure.A voluntary organization that lends formal structure to the administration of the Internet. ISOC is the organizational home of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Internet Architecture Board (IAB), Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), and Internet Research Task Force (IRTF). The ISOC is active in such areas as censorship and freedom of expression, taxation, governance, and intellectual property. ISOC has granted the IESG formal authority to make decisions on standards

  B. IAB -The IAB was originally called the Internet Activities Board, and it was set up in 1983, chaired by Dave Clark, back in the days when the Internet was still largely a research activity of the US Government. The early history of the IAB is hard to trace in detail from the public record, for a reason expressed clearly in the minutes of its meeting in January 1990: “The IAB decided that IAB meeting minutes will be published to the Internet community.” The earlier minutes are not on the public record. A good snapshot of the IAB in 1990, and a short history, are given in RFC 1160, written by Vint Cerf who was the second IAB Chair. He was followed in this post by Lyman Chapin and Christian Huitema. In any case, the 1980s are pre-history as far as the Internet is concerned, and this article concentrates on the present.

Today, the IAB consists of thirteen members. Of these, six are nominated each year by a nominating committee drawn from the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) for a two year term. The slate of nominees is then approved by the Board of Trustees of the Internet Society. The thirteenth member of the IAB is the IETF Chair. The Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) chair serves as an ex-officio member but cannot vote. Finally, the IAB has a volunteer Executive Director. 

  C. IESG - The IESG is responsible for technical management of IETF activities and the Internet standards process. It administers the process according to the rules and procedures that have been ratified by the ISOC trustees. The IESG is directly responsible for the actions associated with entry into and movement along the Internet "standards track," including final approval of specifications as Internet Standards.

The IESG consists of the Area Directors (ADs) who are selected by the Nominations Committee (NomCom) and are appointed for two years, "IAB and IESG Selection, Confirmation, and Recall Process: Operation of the Nominating and Recall Committees."

  D. IRTF - The Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) promotes research of importance to the evolution of the Internet by creating focused, long-term Research Groups working on topics related to Internet protocols, applications, architecture and technology.

The Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) focuses on longer term research issues related to the Internet while the parallel organization, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), focuses on the shorter term issues of engineering and standards making.

The IRTF is a composed of a number of focused and long-term Research Groups. These groups work on topics related to Internet protocols, applications, architecture and technology. Research Groups have the stable long term membership needed to promote the development of research collaboration and teamwork in exploring research issues. Participation is by individual contributors, rather than by representatives of organizations. 

E. IETF -The IETF's mission is "to make the Internet work better," but it is the Internet Engineering Task Force, so this means: make the Internet work better from a engineering point of view. We try to avoid policy and business questions, as much as possible. If you're interested in these general aspects, consider joining the Internet Society. Most participants in the IETF are engineers with knowledge of networking protocols and software. Many of them know a lot about networking hardware too.

The IETF's standards development work is organized into 8 Areas. Each Area has 1 or more Area Directors (ADs), which together comprise the IETF Engineering Steering Group (IESG). The IESG is responsible for technical management of IETF activities, the Internet standards process, and for the actions associated with entry into and movement along the Internet "standards track," including final approval of specifications as Internet Standards and publication as an RFC.

Within each Area there are multiple Working Groups (WG). Each WG has one or more chairs who manage the work, and a written charter defining what the work is and when it is due. There are more than 100 WGs. The WGs produce Internet Drafts (I-Ds) which often lead to the publication of an Internet standard as an RFC. for WG charters and  for the list of the Areas, the current WGs and their chairs.

People interested in particular technical issues join the mailing list of a WG  and occasionally attend one or more of the three IETF meetings held every year.for meeting details.

  F. IANA -The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is the body responsible for coordinating   some of the key elements that keep the Internet running smoothly. Whilst the Internet is renowned for being a worldwide network free from central coordination, there is a technical need for some key parts of the Internet to be globally coordinated – and this coordination role is undertaken by IANA.

Specifically, IANA allocates and maintains unique codes and numbering systems that are used in the technical standards (“protocols”) that drive the Internet.The IANA team is responsible for the operational aspects of coordinating the Internet’s unique identifiers and maintaining the trust of the community to provide these services in an unbiased, responsible and effective manner.
  G. interNIC - The Domain Name System (DNS) helps users to find their way around the Internet. Every computer on the Internet has a unique address - just like a telephone number - which is a rather complicated string of numbers. It is called its "IP address" (IP stands for "Internet Protocol"). IP Addresses are hard to remember. The DNS makes using the Internet easier by allowing a familiar string of letters (the "domain name") to be used instead of the arcane IP address. So instead of typing 207.151.159.3, you can type www.internic.net. It is a "mnemonic" device that makes addresses easier to remember. The Internet Network Information Center, known as InterNIC, was the Internet governing body primarily responsible for domain name and IP address allocations from 1972 until September 18, 1998 when this role was assumed by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). It was accessed through the domain name internic.net, with email, FTP and World Wide Web services run at various times by SRI, Network Solutions, Inc and AT&T. 
  H. ICANN -The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)is a non-profit corporation headquartered in Marina del Rey, California, United States, that was created on September 18, 1998, and incorporated on September 30, 1998 to oversee a number of Internet-related tasks previously performed directly on behalf of the U.S. government by other organizations, notably the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
ICANN is responsible for managing the Internet Protocol address spaces (IPv4 and IPv6) and assignment of address blocks to regional Internet registries, for maintaining registries of Internet protocol identifiers, and for the management of the top-level domain name space (DNS root zone), which includes the operation of root nameservers. Most visibly, much of its work has concerned the introduction of new generic top-level domains (TLDs). The technical work of ICANN is referred to as the "IANA function".
ICANN's primary principles of operation have been described as helping preserve the operational stability of the Internet; to promote competition; to achieve broad representation of global Internet community; and to develop policies appropriate to its mission through bottom-up, consensus-based processes.
On September 29, 2006, ICANN signed a new agreement with the United States Department of Commerce (DOC) that moves the private organization towards full management of the Internet's system of centrally coordinated identifiers through the multi-stakeholder model of consultation that ICANN represents.

3.Arrange the organizations in chronological order

•  ISOC
• IAB
• IESG
• IETF
• IRTF
• ICANN
• IANA 

4.A. it because in this generation most if the people use internet in there works, research and others so that they can have more times for other things. because in internet you can already search what you are finding, like research and assignments or even activity. it is efficient because it made our lives more easier than before.

    B. it can communicate to others even there far from you. using only internet you can know what is happening in other places.

5.The Internet Protocol Suite is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks. It is commonly also known as TCP/IP named from two of the most important protocols in it: the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two networking protocols defined in this standard. Modern IP networking represents a synthesis of several developments that began to evolve in the 1960s and 1970s, namely the Internet and local area networks, which emerged during the 1980s, together with the advent of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s.From the lowest to the highest layer, these are the network access Layer, the Internet Layer, the Transport Layer, and the Application Layer. The layers define the operational scope or reach of the protocols in each layer, reflected loosely in the layer names. Each layer has functionality that solves a set of problems relevant in its scope.





http://www.livinginternet.com/i/i.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN
http://www.internic.net/faqs/domain-names.html
http://www.iana.org/about/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Steering_Group
http://www.ietf.org/
http://irtf.org/
http://www.internic.net/